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Actual cash value
The actual cash value (ACV) is the current value of an insured item.
What is actual cash value?
Insurers use either the actual cash value (ACV) or the replacement cost value (RCV) of items when calculating commercial property insurance claims. The actual cash value is how much the used item is worth, while the replacement value is how much it would cost to purchase a new item to replace it.
To determine the actual cash value, an insurer will look at the item's current market cost, and then factor in depreciation for age, wear and tear, or obsolescence. An item's depreciated value is based on how old the item is, and how much useful life it has left at the time of the loss.
In short, ACV = replacement cost - depreciation.
How depreciation is determined
Insurance providers use several factors to calculate depreciation, including:
- Age and condition of the item: Older or more heavily used items will lose more value.
- Useful life expectancy: If an item has a 10-year useful life and it’s six years old, its value might be around 40-percent of its replacement cost.
- Market factors: Changes in technology or resale value can also affect ACV.
Asking your insurer how they calculate depreciation will help you understand how much reimbursement you’d receive after a loss.
Example of actual cash value in a claim
Let's say your two-year-old laptop is stolen and you have an actual cash value property insurance policy. Two years ago, the laptop cost $2,000, but today a similar laptop costs $2,500.
Your insurance provider determines that the useful life of a laptop is five years, which means the stolen laptop had 60-percent of its useful life left. To find the actual cash value, you multiply the replacement cost of $2,500 by 60-percent. That means the actual cash value of the laptop is $1,500.
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What is the difference between actual cash value vs. replacement cost value?
While ACV pays based on depreciated value, RCV covers what it would cost to replace your property with new items of similar kind and quality—without subtracting depreciation.
However, a replacement cost value (RCV) policy—which replaces the item at the current market price of a similar item—may be more effective if you’ve invested a lot of money in your property or you use highly specialized equipment. Though the premiums are usually higher than ACV policies, the bigger payout may make it easier for you to find replacement items faster.
Key difference:
ACV: Lower premiums but smaller payouts after a loss.
RCV: Higher premiums but greater protection and faster recovery.
If you have questions about which property insurance option is a better fit for your business, be sure to talk to your insurance agent.
When should you insure your business property with actual cash value?
It may make sense to insure your property at its actual cash value if you can quickly find acceptable used replacements for your items or you want to save money on your property insurance premiums.
Here’s how ACV might apply in different small business scenarios:
- IT consultant: A three-year-old server originally worth $5,000 might have an ACV payout of $2,500 after a power surge.
- Photographer: A high-end camera body purchased for $3,000 two years ago could be valued at $1,800 under ACV after water damage.
- Landscaper: A ride-on mower bought for $10,000 five years ago might have depreciated to $4,000 in value after theft.
Lastly, if you have leased equipment, you may not have the option of insuring it at its actual cash value, just its replacement value.
Considerations for your business
Before choosing ACV, consider how a lower payout might impact your operations:
- Can you afford to cover the difference? A 40-60-percent depreciation rate can leave a significant gap.
- Will downtime hurt your income? Delays replacing damaged equipment could interrupt your work.
- Is your property specialized or custom? If it’s not easily replaced, the savings on premiums may not be worth the risk.
Questions to ask your insurance agent
To make sure you’re covered the way you expect, you should ask:
- Does my policy pay claims based on actual cash value or replacement cost?
- How is depreciation calculated for my equipment or inventory?
- Can I add a rider or endorsement to upgrade from ACV to RCV?
- If I replace an item, can I recover depreciation later (known as recoverable depreciation)?
These questions can help you ensure your coverage aligns with your business’s budget and recovery needs.
How to choose the right type of policy
Before you decide, here’s a quick comparison to help you understand when ACV or RCV makes the most sense for your business.
| Choose ACV when: | Choose RCV when: |
|---|---|
You want lower insurance premiums | You need full protection to replace essential items |
You're insuring items that depreciate quickly | You rely on equipment that must be replaced immediately |
You can afford some out-of-pocket costs | You want to minimize financial surprises after a loss |
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Updated: November 19, 2025
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